Evolution of Cloud Computing
Some people say internet is cloud or cloud is in the internet & this is correct upto certain extent.In order to understand this concept better, we need to study the evolution of internet in detail.
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the
1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science
laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France.The U.S. Department of
Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of
the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock’s laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).Packet switching networks such as the NPL network ARPANET, Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols.Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory(NPL) in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades. [ The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
The Internet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990,and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network.Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United
Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or more.
The Internet’s takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in
historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-
way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking. However, the future of the global internet may be shaped by regional differences in the world.
On 6 August 1991, exactly twenty years ago, the World Wide Web became publicly
available.When Internet is made public then some companies used it for commercial
use.Everyone thinking that he/she made his/her own website.So many companies connect
their servers to this network or they host their own website on these servers.Using this
website they promote their business or services.
Big companies connect their own server to internet and run their websites.But for small
companies connect their own server to internet is very costly.To overcome this problem a new business start on internet,called Web hosting. Web hosting is a service that allows
organizations and individuals to post a website or web page onto the Internet. A web
host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and
services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are
hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers. When Internet users want to view your website, all they need to do is type your website address or domain into their
browser. Their computer will then connect to your server and your webpages will be
delivered to them through the browser.
Growth of contents:
Contents plays a vital role in engaging the users for a website.So,the internet providers came with an idea to get the content written by the user to make the stystem more interactive.The more the content the more the user .So keeping this idea in the mind companies made some services free for their users like email services provided by Google i.e. gmail.The free services resulted in the form of increased traffic which lead to the need of more amount of servers to manage the traffic.Therefore, the companies like Google developed their own data centres which had thounsand of servers joined in the form of clusters so as to handle the huge amount of traffic.These data centres are situated in the different locations of the world and are well collaborated with each other.Togetherly these forms the grid.Now these companies started giving their servers on rent to increase their business. So all these scenarios lead to a new term called “Cloud Computing”. Previously this was known as Cluster or Grid.
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